The solar wind mass outflow carries angular momentum away from the sun AND the sun's magnetic field drags material out in the solar system, transferring angular momentum outward. Answer: In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved. counter clockwise. d. the velocity of the comet b. Jupiter In this treatise, he argued that gaseous clouds (nebulae) slowly rotate, gradually collapsing and flattening due to gravity and forming stars and planets. In essence, this theory states that the Sun, the planets, and all other objects in the Solar System formed from nebulous material billions of years ago. B) interstellar space. 15 D) Vesta. Pluto's orbit has a lower inclination to the ecliptic than any planet or dwarf planet, One characteristic of the terrestrial planets is their extensive moon systems, All the planet's orbits are evenly spaced, All the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction, except for Venus and Uranus. Describe the function(s) of the placenta. D) the surface of Mars Comets are not actually members of the solar system, but have been captured by the Sun. But the dust and gas are also the ingredients for the planets themselves. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. E) our telescopes are not powerful enough to detect them. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets a) should be a common result of star formation. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . B) the great nebula found just below the belt stars of Orion. According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? E) weight per square inch. The evolutionary hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that gradual and natural changes caused the formation of our solar system. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. D) the core of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. Temperatures were very high close to the center, only allowing condensation of metals and silicate minerals with high melting points. B) jovian satellites Another method is the Radial Velocity Methods, which looks for the periodic doppler shifts in the star's spectral lines as it moves about the center of mass. [19] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. Instead, astronomers and observers must use other indirect methods to learn about the extrasolar planets. D) Giotto. In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. There are the intrinsic gradualists and the extrinsic catastrophists. During the late 19th century the Kant-Laplace views were criticized by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that, if all the matter contained in the known planets had once been distributed around the Sun in the form of a disk, the shearing forces of differential rotation would have prevented the condensation of individual planets. Here is a brief outline of the current theory of the events in the early history of the solar system: A cloud of interstellar gas and/or dust (the "solar nebula") is disturbed and collapses under its own gravity. E) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter. The masses of the original planets (see protoplanet) were assumed to be larger than in the earlier version of the theory, and the apparent discrepancy in angular momentum was attributed to magnetic forces connecting the Sun and planets. Density is defined as C) asteroids a. usually annual events, as the orbits again intersect E) a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. The solar nebular theory has been supported by observation of dusty disks around the E) are spaced more closely together as they get further from the Sun. the core of a differntiated asteroid, now broken up. It was considered hard to grow grains above a cm, and when they grow they rapidly brake and fall onto the star. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By this time we would no longer have a disorganized heap of gas and dust and would have a discoid structure with a thickening in the center. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. b. mass times weight Back in the 20th century, the two competing theories as to what force was responsible for the creation of the solar system were the catastrophic hypothesis and the evolutionary hypothesis. As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. 21. D) beyond Neptune, with orbits similar to Pluto's. Meteor showers are: D) Earthgrazers can cross not only our orbit, but even those of Venus and Mercury. B) cools due to condensation. Any successful model for the formation of the solar system must explain why the orbits of the As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins B) most extrasolar systems are not seen edge-on. A) Mars. Astronomy 101 Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088) Prep, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Intro to Excel: Essential Training & Tutorials, Create an account to start this course today. d. the interstellar medium. According to modern science, where did these elements come from? E) should be randomly oriented to their star's equator. B. 3. [78] Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium, instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses. C) toward the Sun and disappears at perihelion. Now maybe the Grand Tack with the assumption of mantle breaking impacts in the early days those first 10 millions years were heady times! Most of the material ended up in a ball at the center while the rest of the matter flattened out into disk that circled around it. B) lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. [66] This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. 325 lessons. A) large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. A nebula is a big cloud of gas and dust in space. About 2% of our solar nebula consisted of elements besides hydrogen and helium. Currently the best theory is the Nebular Theory . B) a volcanic event. Eventually, when the sun became luminous enough, the unnecessary dust and gas was blown away into space, leaving the planets around the sun. concentrating denser materials nearer the Sun. Are generally small, rocky bodies sharing many similarities and also differences. As the solar nebula contracts, it copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. While the paleontologists are still duking it out, the astronomers seemed to have figured out what caused the formation of the solar system. There were no comets or asteroids in these first-generation star systems. a. true The Nebular Theory - Introduction to Astronomy lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. d. Venus C) at a constant rate. [65] An additional consequence is that a huge number of small planetesimals will remain, because giant planets are incapable of clearing them all out without the help of embryos. Originally proposed to explain the origin of the Solar System, this theory has gone on to become a widely accepted view of how all star systems came to be. what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? B) the Trojan asteroids. large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. A) comets D) flattens out into the ecliptic plane around the Sun's poles. As this cloud gradually contracted under the effects of gravity, it, force and concluded that the nebular hypothesis of Laplace, which stated that the planets and Sun condensed from a single gaseous cloud, was invalid. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. Chp. 12 Flashcards | Chegg.com [63] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry. [72], The region of a planetary system adjacent to the giant planets will be influenced in a different way. A) more rocky. C) debris from the Kuiper Belt. C) Ida. E) have perihelions within the orbits of Mercury. are almost circular with low eccentricities, Which of the following is not icy in composition? A) are like the planets, fairly circular and in the ecliptic plane. [21][33] The latter scenario is thought to be the most promising one, because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low-mass disks (less than 0.1M). It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. A) very durable, made of iron. In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. The study of star forming molecular clouds shows that same early, large stars form that way. What are Nebulae? c. the direction the comet is traveling The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth-sized bodies. According to the nebular theory, how did the solar system form? Chapter 4: The Solar System: Interplanetary M, Astrononmy: The Terrestrial Planets: Ch 6, American Literature: Frederick Douglass, Olau, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider. e) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. Support comes from observations at infrared and radio wavelengths, which have revealed disks of matter around young stars. [61] Such a region will eventually evolve into an asteroid belt, which is a full analog of the asteroid belt in the Solar System, located from 2 to 4AU from the Sun.[61][65]. IV. What is the major problem in identifying genes encoding Non translated RNA? [76] The in situ formation of closely orbiting super-Earths would require a massive disk, the migration of planetary embryos followed by collisions and mergers, or the radial drift of small solids from farther out in the disk. C) NEAR. a. a micrometeorite impact. Astronomy Exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com Astronomy Cast also has an episode on the subject Episode 12: Where do Baby Stars Come From? spins faster due to conservation of angular momentum. E) Both A and C are correct. D) where the ecliptic is. A) large ones may cause mass extinctions. D) spacecraft sent to an asteroid. In the solar nebular theory, the dusty disk condensing around the Sun's equator became the Then, about 4.57 billion years ago, something happened that caused the cloud to collapse. the jovian planets are more like the sun than are the terrestrials. D) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. This theory best accounts for the objects we currently find in the Solar System and the distribution of these objects.The Nebular Theory would have started with a cloud of gas and dust . A) Planetary density increases with increasing distance from the Sun. c. cometary debris According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the solar nebula spun faster as it shrank in size? a few kilo in size and very low in density. C) among the orbits of the terrestrial planets B) moving closer to the Sun. Ch. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. The cells in connective tissue that forms new fibers are the _______. In the 20th century, two competing hypotheses were proposed for the extinction of the dinosaurs and the formation of the solar system. p. 233, formation and evolution of the Solar System, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, "Astronomers May Have Found the Galaxy's Youngest Planet - The Webb telescope soon will help measure the world, which may offer insights into how our own formed". B) meteoroids [75], Super-Earths and other closely orbiting planets are thought to have either formed in situ or ex situ, that is, to have migrated inward from their initial locations. Streaks of light made when small debris hits our atmosphere are called ________. What is true about solar system densities? If a comet's ion tail is pointing perpendicular to its direction of travel, the comet is b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun D) the asteroid belt. For example, there is the problem of tilted axes. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. How many carbon atoms are contained in a 0.400 mole of sucrose ( C12_{12}12H22_{22}22O11_{11}11)? b) should be extremely rare. The nebula theoryis the most generally accepted evolutionary model for formation of the solar systemfrom a cloud of gas and dust particles known as a nebula. E) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune only. The Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets 1. A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. The water was brought to the forming Earth by planetesimals that accreted beyond the orbit of Mars. In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. e. where the ecliptic is. C) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. If the mergers happen after the gas disk dissipates terrestrial planets can form, if in a transition disk a super-Earth with a gas envelope containing a few percent of its mass may form. C) some come from the Moon and Mars, as well as the asteroid belt. [71] Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. The shells would lead to a more frequent 2nd generation of massive stars with a lifetime of 10-100 million years or so. Most objects in the Solar System have a common direction of revolution and rotation because they formed from the same rotating gas cloud. While the ball at the center formed the Sun, the rest of the material would form into the protoplanetary disc. But as we have learned, the inner planets and outer planets have radically different axial tilts.. Star Mass & Luminosity Formula | Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, How Orbits Are Influenced by Gravity & Energy, Terrestrial Planets | Facts & Characteristics. B) Ceres. Solar nebula | astronomy | Britannica Accretion Theory & Process | What is the Process of Accretion? The Laplacian nebular model was widely accepted during the 19th century, but it had some rather pronounced difficulties. Updates? D) away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion. B) comet nuclei CHAPTER 1: THE SOLAR SYSTEM - uh.edu Meteor showers are So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly Planetary orbits D) the asteroid Gaspra. (Venus may be an exception, since some claim it is becoming tidally locked to the Sun Mercury is instead locked in a 3:2 resonance and it is in fact now retrograde with a putative near axis lock.) Name the four principal types of solar-system debris; pair them up in terms of composition, Asteroids: Large chunks of metals and rock primarily formed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt, Metereoroids: A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. C) the Moon. The process by which small debris condenses into planetesimals is ________. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas gravitated together and coalesced to form ever larger bodies. E) the satellite system of Jupiter. B) more cratered. [70], Once the cores are of sufficient mass (510MEarth), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. The Origin of the Solar System l The Big Bang - The Nine Planets The appearance and composition of these meteorites is just what we'd expect if metal and rock condensed and accreted as the nebular theory suggests. This diagram represents the solar nebula early in its history and shows the location of the frost line. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. b. cout << "x != z: " << (x != z) << endl; E) short period comets. Planets with orbital semimajor axes less than 0.1 AU are called ________. Planetary Science: The Science of Planets around Stars, Second Edition, Michael M. Woolfson, p. 190, Brester, David (1876), "More Worlds Than One: The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian", Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly, p. 153, As quoted by David Brewster, "More worlds than one: the creed of the philosopher and the hope of the Christian", Fixed stars and binary systems. In terms of composition In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and many were solved. A) in the direction of the comet's motion. D) should be extremely rare. E) the polar cap of Mars. A) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. a) should be a common result of star formation. READ: How Our Solar System Formed (article) | Khan Academy c. weight per square inch In essence, this theory states that the Sun, the planets, and all other. The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider, Foundations of Astronomy plus The Night Sky Planisphere - Latitude 30- 40. D) noting the Doppler shifts of the star as the planet orbits it from side to side. B) faster due to an increase in angular momentum. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. We would expect other planets beyond our own solar system to orbit the equators of their home D) between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter d. mass per unit volume A rocky body between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter is a(n) ________. The age of the solar system is determined with ________ dating. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. C) are evenly spaced throughout the solar system. E) None of the above are true, A meteor is Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-generation star systems? In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. C) meteorites and most asteroids Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. Compute the rotational speed of the output shaft. However, it has only been within the past few centuries, with the Scientific Revolution, that the predominant theories have been empirical in nature. The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems, while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk. c. cout << "y == z - 3: " << (y == z - 3) << endl; a. true C) the direction of the Sun. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen - giant molecular clouds or GMC. C) have satellite systems with less than 4 moons. [21] The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 2030AU from the central star. A number of possible mechanisms for this migration have been proposed. The Nebular Hypothesis and Formation of the Solar System Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. A recent paper show that terrestrial planets would suffer impacts on the great impact scale, between 1 to 8 as norm with an average of 3. In this context, accretion refers to the process of cooled, solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk, colliding and sticking together and gradually growing, up to and including the high-energy collisions between sizable planetesimals. D) in the Oort Cloud. Astronomy-Chapter 15 Flashcards | Quizlet C) mass times weight. D) Mars. The exoplanets discovered include hot-Jupiters, warm-Jupiters, super-Earths, and systems of tightly packed inner planets. Nebula theory - CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science The curved, yellow ________ tail lags behind the blue tail as the comet rounds the Sun. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. The most detailed look we've had of an asteroid comes from So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly: b. large jovians very close to theiri star. [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. B) are dense, like the iron meteorites. If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. Meteoric material dates the formation of the solar system at about ________ billion years. [71], Giant planets can significantly influence terrestrial planet formation. In addition to revolving around the Sun counter clockwise, most planets also rotate on their axis According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula.
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