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Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". As a replacement, NEAVS helped develop an alternative program involving spay/neuter surgeries for homeless cats. endobj Projects PJ In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. WebNeavs Profile and History Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. , Locke P. Veazey WebThe National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501 (c) (6), located in Washington, DC. John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. Significantly, animal rights activity appears to be aimed at influencing members of the US Congress or the executive branch, who have direct influence over the budgets that are provided by the US government to the funding agencies. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. 2017). In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. MA There are currently no plans to develop an NHP version of the human HapMap. NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Supplies of marmosets can be increased rapidly relative to macaques, because of the relatively short generation time of marmosets and the fact that pregnancies usually result in twins rather than singletons. S Foreman A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. . , Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk G, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Ke 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al. These articles are briefly described as follows. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. They point out that NHPs are more similar to humans than are rodents in a number of aspects of energy metabolism, including the major site of de novo lipogenesis (liver vs. adipose tissue), major classes of circulating lipoproteins, and the physiology of thermogenesis and insulin-mediated glucose utilization. , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In 2016, a white paper published by the National Association for Biomedical Research briefly discussed scientific breakthroughs that required the use of NHPs (National Association for Biomedical Research 2016). Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve any procedure at a given institution utilizing laboratory animals, including NHPs (Tardif et al. 2010), NHPs are used in discovery phases that directly precede formal translational research and in the T1 phase, which transfers the results of basic research to clinical research, often called bench to bedside.. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. , Locke P. Grimm This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. A feature of NHP research is that the demand for some species waxes and wanes over time, for example for baboons and marmosets. In practice, however, this is an unequal struggle. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. Chan E However, this concept has gained little traction with funding agencies. 1-4, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights", "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer", "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test", "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners", "Toxicology Testing Called into Question", "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools", "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts", "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives", "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities", "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps", "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)", "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories", "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences", "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model", "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research", "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research", "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act", "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior", "U.S. In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. , Emborg ME. Cornish For example, Xue et al. Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. These nations have made major efforts to increase the supply of NHPs available to researchers in their domestic institutions and to enhance infrastructure to breed animals and perform large scale investigations, including genomic analysis (see Harding 2017 for selected references) and development of new NHP disease models using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (see, e.g., Chen et al. [31], As part of this campaign, NEAVS published a number of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals examining the utility of chimpanzees in biomedical research. WebAs previously reported by NABR, the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) has drastically increased its FOIA use by hundreds of requests per month. NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. 2016). There are currently some efforts within the NPRC consortium to identify cohorts of animals with specific phenotypes across centers. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The Critical Role of NHPs in Translational Research, National Association for Biomedical Research 2016, https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/nih-review-its-policies-all-nonhuman-primate-research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.100412, https://fbresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NHP-White-Paper-Print-08-22-16.pdf, https://www.oar.nih.gov/strategic_plan/fy2018/OAR_18_StrategicPlan_P10_508.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/nih-to-retire-all-research-chimpanzees-1.18817, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committee/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. 3m{ Fn\W`IHsY)rr2Z:rBH#p7L 4`60Is!ccaFeA3ja |Q&0_F %5@ob-r0S3t\+bs3f;J5dygzzStp}|vhF. 2017). Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. These data are now expected for publications that describe rodent-based experiments. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. R (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. Begley Fairly complete draft-level genomic sequences have been published for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, vervets, and marmosets. Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. A (2) To conduct high impact research that improves the lives of people with blood disorders. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society May 26, 2011. IA <> , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. Neeves. They also discuss the relationship between studies that utilize rodents and those that use NHPs, as well as details regarding the relative merits of using rhesus macaques versus cynomolgus macaques. 2016), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen et al. 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. (2016) and Bimber et al. These conclusions regarding rigor appear mainly to be based on studies using rodents. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. 2010). Matthew Banks and colleagues review many of the preclinical studies aimed at understanding the etiology of substance abuse disorders (drug addiction) and developing therapies using preclinical animal models, particularly NHPs. 2017). Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? Among other approaches, strategies such as pooling animals and resources from a number of centers for a single NHP-based study lead by multiple, collaborating investigators should be considered. Neeves, [93] C.J. Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. CG BN J The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. Use of chimpanzees led to development of vaccines that prevent Hepatis A and B and antivirals that are curative for Hepatitis C. These authors also provide a summary and timeline of the events that lead to a cessation of the use of chimpanzees for invasive biomedical research and the decision by the NIH and US Congress to move these animals to sanctuaries, a process that is not yet complete. An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. , Liesz A. Manolio [37][38], In 2010 NEAVS, along with other animal protection organizations, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to review a policy listing chimpanzees as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act when found in the wild and "threatened" when in captivity. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies.

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