It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. (B) Bulk packages with a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons); or. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. 0000006190 00000 n This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Lindane Bioremediation Capability 0000006227 00000 n Severe Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. (3) Transitional exception. WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). This article wants to briefly summarise the That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the 0000003215 00000 n In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). Long-term toxicity of lindane through oxidative stress and cell In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. [28] More specifically, the EPA conducted down-the-drain estimates of the amount of lindane reaching public water supplies from the use of lindane medications using data from California water treatment facilities, concluding that lindane levels from pharmaceutical sources were extremely low and not of concern.[5]. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] startxref 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. 0000000016 00000 n Decomposes on heating and on burning. (Note: These events represent the most common reported to the FDA and do not represent the most common events associated with the use of lindane lotion and lindane shampoo overall). Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod Effects of short-term exposure 104 22 [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. 0000057076 00000 n eCFR :: 49 CFR 171.4 -- Marine pollutants. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. [25] In 2002, the EPA concluded that lindane agricultural products were eligible for re-registration given industry compliance with certain data and labeling requirements to mitigate occupational risks to workers. WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. Sore throat. (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers. 0000006477 00000 n Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. 0000001466 00000 n It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. Cough. Hexachlorocyclohexane This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. 0000057176 00000 n The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane It is also a recognised irritant. Medical observation is indicated. For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. Perspectives of lindane (-hexachlorocyclohexane) Refer immediately for medical attention. Transportation WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. Not combustible. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. Nausea. Diarrhoea. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. CFR Title 49. Transportation 49 CFR 172.101, App. B Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. $>. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. 0000000736 00000 n 0000001327 00000 n Formula: C6H6Cl6 [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. Lindane Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. eCFR :: 49 CFR 172.322 -- Marine pollutants. Water | Free Full-Text | The Toxic Effects of Lindane via the ICSC 0053 - LINDANE - International Labour Organization Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. Gyceril PABA. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. Chemical dangers Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. 104 0 obj <> endobj In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. %PDF-1.4 % A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. trailer A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique.
is lindane a severe marine pollutant